Culture of mouse peritoneal macrophages with mouse serum induces lipid bodies that associate with the parasitophorous vacuole and decrease their microbicidal capacity against Toxoplasma gondii

Lipid bodies [lipid droplets (LBs)] are lipid-rich organelles involved in lipid metabolism, signalling and inflammation. Recent findings suggest a role for LBs in host response to infection; however, the potential functions of this organelle in Toxoplasma gondii infection and how it alters macrophage microbicidal capacity during infection are not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of host LBs in T. gondii infection in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Macrophages cultured with mouse serum (MS) had higher numbers of LBs than those cultured in foetal bovine serum and can function as a model to study the role of LBs during intracellular pathogen infection. LBs were found in association with the parasitophorous vacuole, suggesting that T. gondii may benefit from this lipid source. Moreover, increased numbers of macrophage LBs correlated with high prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and decreased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Accordingly, LB-enriched macrophages cultured with MS were less efficient at controlling T. gondii growth. Treatment of macrophages cultured with MS with indomethacin, an inhibitor of PGE2 production, increased the microbicidal capacity against T. gondii. Collectively, these results suggest that culture with MS caused a decrease in microbicidal activity of macrophages against T. gondii by increasing PGE2 while lowering NO production.

Papel de la vacuola parasitófora de macrófagos de ratón infectados por Leishmania amazonensis en la adquisición de de moléculas / Role of the parasitophorous vacuole of murine macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis in molecule acquisition

Introducción. Leishmania son parásitos intracelulares de macrófagos, confinados en compartimentos denominados vacuolas parasitóforas. La permeabilidad de este compartimento depende de su interacción con el tráfico vesicular y transportadores presentes en su membrana. Objetivo. En este trabajo se estudió la permeabilidad de la membrana de la vacuola parasitófora en la línea celular J774.A1 infectada con Leishmania amazonensis, in situ y en compartimentos aislados. Materiales y métodos. El aislamiento de vacuolas parasitóforas se hizo por gradiente de densidad. La permeabilidad de la membrana de estas se valoró por distribución de sondas fluorescentes y electrofisiología. Para establecer indirectamente el transporte de protones se usó naranja de acridina. La presencia de transportadores ABC sensibles a probenecid se estableció con amarillo lucifer y calceína. Por primera vez con la técnica de patch-clamp se registraron corrientes en la membrana de este compartimento aislado. Resultados. La vacuola parasitófora colorea de rojo con naranja de acridina indicando un pH ácido. Concentra amarillo lucifer a través de un transportador sensible a probenecid, pero excluye la sonda calceína. Vacuolas aisladas se marcan de rojo con naranja de acridina y concentran amarillo lucifer a través de un transportador sensible a probenecid. Estas vacuolas excluyeron calceína y presentaron en su membrana una corriente iónica que se activa a diferencias de potencial cercanas a 60 mV, con una conductancia de 46 ± 3 pS. Conclusiones. Se pueden aislar vacuolas parasitóforas con propiedades de permeabilidad que preservan mecanismos de transporte similares a los encontrados in situ. Se registra por primera vez la presencia de una corriente iónica poco selectiva en la membrana de este compartimiento.

Introduction. Leishmania are intracellular parasites of macrophages, confined into compartments known as parasitophorous vacuoles. The permeability of this compartment depends on its interaction with the endocytic pathway and transport proteins present on its membrane. Objective. The membrane permeability of the parasitophorous vacuole was studied in J774.A1- macrophage like cells infected with Leishmania amazonensis, in situ and on isolated compartments. Materials and methods. The parasitophorous vacuoles were isolated by density gradients. Fluorescent probe distribution and electrophysiological recordings were used to determine parasitophorous vacuole membrane permeability. Proton transport was evaluated indirectly by acridine orange staining. Probenecid sensitive ABC transporters were detected using the fluorescent probes lucifer yellow and calcein. For the first time ion currents were recorded on the membrane of isolated parasitophorous vacuoles using the patch clamp technique. Results. The parasitophorous vacuole stains red with acridine orange indicating an acidic compartment. It concentrates lucifer yellow by means of a probenecid sensitive transporter but excludes calcein. Isolated vacuoles stained red with acridine orange and concentrated lucifer yellow by means of a probenecid sensitive transporter. These vacuoles excluded calcein and showed an ion current in their membrane which is activated at potentials close to 60 mV with a mean conductance of 46 ± 3 pS. Conclusions. Isolated parasitophorous vacuoles with permeability properties preserving transport mechanisms similar to those found in situ can be purified. A poorly selective ion current on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane is reported for the first time.

Acidification of the parasitophorous vacuole containing Toxoplasma gondii in the presence of hydroxyurea

Toxoplasma gondii se multiplica dentro do vacúolo parasitóforo que não é reconhecido pela defesa primária não oxidativa de células hospedeiras: a fusão com organelas ácidas. Estudos anteriores mostraram que hidroxiuréia interrompeu a multiplicação dos parasitos intracelulares causando sua eliminação. No presente trabalho nós investigamos o mecanismo celular envolvido na destruição do Toxoplasma gondii intracelular. Marcadores vitais fluorescentes foram usados para observar a possível acidificação do vacúolo parasitóforo contendo Toxoplasma gondii na presença de hidroxiuréia. Células Vero infectadas com taquizoítos foram tratadas com hidroxiuréia por 12, 24 ou 48 horas. Fluorescência indicativa de acidificação foi observada no vacúolo parasitóforo quando as culturas foram incubadas na presença de laranja de acridina. Lyso Tracker red foi usado para determinar se os lisossomos estavam envolvidos no processo de acidificação. Uma fluorescência intensa foi observada depoisde 12 e 24 horas de incubação com hidroxiuréia, alcançando uma intensidade maior após 48 horas de tratamento. Citoquímica ultraestrutural para localização da enzima fosfatase ácida lisossomal foi realizada. As culturas infectadas e tratadas apresentaram produto de reação em vesículas se fundindo com o vacúolo ou associado com parasitas intravacuolares. Estes resultados sugerem que a fusão com lisossomos e acidificação do vacúoloparasitóforo causa a destruição dos parasitos na presença de hidroxiuréia.

Behaviour of microtubules in cells infected with Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii proliferates within the parasitophorous vacuole of the host cell. Simultaneously with parasite division and vacuolar development, lipids traffic and change in the spatial distribution of organelles of the host cell cytoplasm occur. Using fluorescence microscopy, and antibodies recognizing tubulin, we showed that microtubules change their distribution during host cell infection by tachyzoites of T. gondii. In addition, transmission electron microscopy of thin sections and replicas of partially extracted cells showed that host cell microtubules concentrate around the parasitophorous vacuole. Such microtubules distribution was evident in early infection times and was more prominent after 24 h of infection, when parasitophorous vacuole was completely surrounded by microtubules. However, the meshwork microtubule filaments became slack or absent after 72 h of infection of host cell. Colchicine and taxol treatment altered the shape of the parasitophorous vacuole containing tachyzoites. These observations suggest a close association between microtubules and intravacuolar development of parasites.

Phagolysosomes induits par Leishmania amazonensis et Coxiella burnetii: modèle pour l´étude de fusion entre grandes vacuoles de pahgocytose / Phagolysosomes induced by Leishmania amazonensis and Coxiella burnetii: a model for the study of merger between large vacuoles of pahgocytose

Actuellement, les connaissances sur l'interaction entre grandes vacuoles de phagocytose sont tres limitées. Il est important de signaler, les travaux pionniers sur la fusion entre les vacuoles contenant différents types des particu1es chez les Acantamcebas et les études sur l'interaction entre les phagosomes contenant le Staphylococcus aureus et les endosomes. L'objectif du travail ici présenté était d'étudier l'interaction entre grandes vacuoles de phagocytose en utilisant les cellules intactes de mammifere, les macrophages ou les cellules CHO ("chinese hamster ovary"). Nous avons utilisé comme vacuoles réceptrices deux types de phagolysosomes, la vacuole parasitophore induite par le parasite Leishmania amazonensis et celle induite par la bactérie Coxiella burnetii (vacuole de Coxiella). Ces grands phagolysosomes ont été choisis parce qu'elles sont facilement repérable au microscope optique et partagent entre elles des caractéristiques similaires. La vacuole parasitophore et la vacuole de Coxiella sont addifiées, contiennent des enzymes hydrolytiques, et il est connu que, les deux vacuoles se fusionnent avec les compartiments tardifs d'endocytose. Dans um premier temps, les vacuoles contenant les particu1es inertes, comme celles dérivées de la levure, les billes de latex ainsi que, les globules rouges fixés ou opsonisés, ont été utilisées comme les vacuoles donatrices. Nous avons démontré que les particu1es dérivées de la levure, le zymosan ou la levure tuée, étaient sélectivement transférées aux vacuoles parasitophores, puisque les billes de latex ou les globules rouges également phagocytés par les macrophages, étaient exc1us de ces vacuoles. D'abord, nous avons établi une méthode en pulse-chasse pour étudier le transfert de particules zymosan aux vacuoles parasitophores dans les macrophages infectés par L. amazonensis. Nous avons démontré que le transfert était vectoriel et quantal. Les études pharmacologiques ont montré que l'alcalinisation, par des bases faibles ou l'ionophore monensine, augmentait le transfert. Nous avons également démontré que la toxine cholérique augmentait le transfert probablement par des mécanismes, au moins en partie, dépendants de sa sous-unité B et indépendants de l' AMPc intracellulaire. Nous avons alors montré que la sous-unité B purifiée ou recombinante stimulait le transfert et que d'autres molécu1es qui augmentent l'AMPc intracellulaire, comme les inhibiteurs de phosphodiesterases, la forskoline ou le Br-AMPc réduisaient le transfert. Deuxiemement, nous avons comparé la capadté de fusion entre les vacuoles induites par L. amazonensis ou par C. burnetii dans les cellules CHO, et les vacuoles contenant différents particu1es inertes...

Interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with macrophages influence of temperature

Se estudió la interacción de macrófagos y T.cruzi cultivados in vitro a tres diferentes temperaturas. Luego de 24 horas de incubación a 29-C se observó un gran número de parásitos dentro de los macrófagos con evidencias de división celular. Estos parásitos presentaban un predominio de formas epimastihotas y algunas redondeadas (amastigotes) y movimientos lentos vistos por videomicroscopía. Se corroboró esta observación con los microscopios de luz y electrónico. No se observó evidencias de lisis en los fagosomas. A 40-C los macrófagos muestran un gran número de cuerpos residuales y vacuolas fagocíticas con parásitos digeridos. A 37-C se observó un estado intermedio con parásitos digeridos y normales. Se comprobó que estas temperaturas no afectan al macrófago en su capacidad fagocítica y digestiva. Se postula que la temperatura afecta principalmente al parásito en su resistencia a la digestión intracelular